萬能滑枕銑床加工時的原則

    隨著數控(kong)銑床(chuang)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)斷發展，小(xiao)型的(de)(de)(de)數控(kong)銑床(chuang)也被制造出來(lai)，小(xiao)型數控(kong)銑床(chuang)是一種(zhong)機電一體化的(de)(de)(de)新(xin)型的(de)(de)(de)加工設備(bei)。它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)內部的(de)(de)(de)系統(tong)是高(gao)精度的(de)(de)(de)，通(tong)過一系列的(de)(de)(de)簡單程序，就可以(yi)完(wan)成復雜(za)曲面(mian)以(yi)及(ji)球面(mian)上的(de)(de)(de)各種(zhong)工序。并且，小(xiao)型數控(kong)銑床(chuang)不(bu)必工作人員(yuan)實際操控(kong)。

    由此可以看(kan)出，工(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)在小(xiao)型數控(kong)銑床上(shang)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)，影響其最終(zhong)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)精(jing)度和(he)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)效(xiao)率的(de)因(yin)素(su)，不(bu)再(zai)是一(yi)線加工(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)員的(de)操(cao)控(kong)能力和(he)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)經驗，而在于使用的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序優劣。簡單來(lai)說，根據(ju)編(bian)(bian)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)方式的(de)不(bu)同，工(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)數控(kong)編(bian)(bian)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)可分為手動編(bian)(bian)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和(he)計算機輔助(zhu)編(bian)(bian)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，后者也(ye)叫自(zi)動編(bian)(bian)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。

    手(shou)動編(bian)(bian)(bian)程(cheng)(cheng)因(yin)需要(yao)(yao)人工(gong)(gong)進(jin)行大(da)量(liang)的(de)(de)運(yun)算及(ji)代碼(ma)錄入，因(yin)而只適合(he)一(yi)些簡單工(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)或者單件(jian)(jian)工(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)數(shu)控(kong)(kong)加工(gong)(gong)。現階段自(zi)動編(bian)(bian)(bian)程(cheng)(cheng)是(shi)其主要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)編(bian)(bian)(bian)制方法。它通過計算機(ji)和特(te)殊的(de)(de)編(bian)(bian)(bian)程(cheng)(cheng)軟件(jian)(jian)完(wan)成，常用的(de)(de)編(bian)(bian)(bian)程(cheng)(cheng)軟件(jian)(jian)主要(yao)(yao)是(shi)CAD/CAM編(bian)(bian)(bian)程(cheng)(cheng)軟件(jian)(jian)。這類軟件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)后處理能力較(jiao)弱，因(yin)此對自(zi)動編(bian)(bian)(bian)制的(de)(de)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)進(jin)行優化是(shi)必要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)作。本文就簡單介紹一(yi)下，小型數(shu)控(kong)(kong)銑床數(shu)控(kong)(kong)加工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)自(zi)動編(bian)(bian)(bian)程(cheng)(cheng)優化應遵循的(de)(de)原(yuan)則(ze)及(ji)方法，希望(wang)能給大(da)家(jia)一(yi)定的(de)(de)借鑒。

    一、自動編程(cheng)優化應遵循的原則

    我們(men)知道，小型數控銑床是通過執(zhi)行(xing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程序(xu)來(lai)(lai)完(wan)成整(zheng)個加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)。一個好的(de)(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程序(xu)不僅(jin)能(neng)保(bao)證加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)出(chu)(chu)符合要求的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)，還應能(neng)充(chong)分(fen)發揮機(ji)床的(de)(de)(de)功能(neng)，使其安(an)全、可(ke)靠、高效(xiao)地運(yun)行(xing)。現(xian)在通過CAD/CAM軟件(jian)編制(zhi)出(chu)(chu)來(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程序(xu)，由于軟件(jian)本(ben)身后處理能(neng)力的(de)(de)(de)限制(zhi)，都(dou)需要進行(xing)一定的(de)(de)(de)優化。優化的(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)是可(ke)保(bao)證工(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)最終的(de)(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)精度、加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)效(xiao)率以(yi)及充(chong)分(fen)發揮機(ji)床的(de)(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)性能(neng)，因而要遵循下面的(de)(de)(de)一些原(yuan)則(ze)：

    首先，優化應(ying)保證加工(gong)(gong)程序(xu)的(de)正確性(xing)，使得工(gong)(gong)件(jian)加工(gong)(gong)的(de)質量趨(qu)于穩定(ding)；其次，加工(gong)(gong)程序(xu)應(ying)方便調試和修(xiu)改，可讀性(xing)應(ying)較(jiao)高；程序(xu)的(de)穩定(ding)性(xing)應(ying)好，當刀具半徑變化或者工(gong)(gong)件(jian)位置改變時無需修(xiu)改整個程序(xu)；此外(wai)，優化還應(ying)保證加工(gong)(gong)程序(xu)的(de)通用(yong)性(xing)、當有(you)和待加工(gong)(gong)形狀相仿的(de)工(gong)(gong)件(jian)是可以只需更改幾(ji)個關鍵尺寸即可使用(yong)。

    二、自動編程優化的(de)方法

    CAD/CAM自動編(bian)程(cheng)之所以是現在小型數(shu)(shu)控銑(xian)床(chuang)數(shu)(shu)控加工主(zhu)要的編(bian)制手(shou)(shou)段，除了(le)可以自動生成程(cheng)序代碼(ma)，還在于它具(ju)有很(hen)強的圖形(xing)數(shu)(shu)學處理(li)功能，免去了(le)手(shou)(shou)工編(bian)程(cheng)中繁瑣的數(shu)(shu)學計算，降低編(bian)程(cheng)人(ren)員的運(yun)算勞動量，同(tong)時可以編(bian)制一些(xie)人(ren)工難(nan)于完成的復雜異形(xing)工件的數(shu)(shu)控程(cheng)序。對其進行優化我們主(zhu)要圍繞以下幾個方法：

    1、發揮系統空間刀具(ju)半(ban)徑補(bu)償功能

    小型(xing)數控(kong)銑床在進行復雜曲面(mian)(mian)的(de)加工時(shi)，CAM軟件一(yi)(yi)般(ban)生(sheng)成刀(dao)心(xin)直線運(yun)動的(de)加工程(cheng)序。若要改(gai)(gai)變刀(dao)具(ju)則(ze)必須改(gai)(gai)變程(cheng)序，給加工帶來不便。CAM軟件應按曲面(mian)(mian)生(sheng)成程(cheng)序的(de)同時(shi)生(sheng)成刀(dao)心(xin)矢(shi)量，實際(ji)的(de)刀(dao)心(xin)位(wei)置(zhi)由系(xi)統按刀(dao)心(xin)矢(shi)量計算。這樣(yang)，刀(dao)具(ju)半徑大小在一(yi)(yi)定范圍內可調，給加工帶來方便。

    2、盡量以圓弧插補功能代替直(zhi)線逼(bi)近(jin)

    小型數(shu)控銑(xian)床在曲(qu)面(mian)加工中，一(yi)般情況下CAM軟件(jian)(jian)以直(zhi)線逼近(jin)生(sheng)成(cheng)工件(jian)(jian)的(de)加工程序(xu)。如果是對稱(cheng)形狀，改用圓弧逼近(jin)輪廓(kuo)，程序(xu)段數(shu)量會大(da)幅下降，有利(li)于效率的(de)提升。相關閱(yue)讀推薦：數(shu)控銑(xian)床的(de)順洗和(he)逆洗

    3、利用子程序功(gong)能簡化(hua)編(bian)程

    一般CAM編程軟件(jian)都帶有(you)子(zi)程序(xu)(xu)加工程序(xu)(xu)功能，由數控系統編制(zhi)主程序(xu)(xu)和(he)子(zi)程序(xu)(xu)調用(yong)功能。子(zi)程序(xu)(xu)中有(you)大(da)量的數值計(ji)算(suan)工作量，可由CAM軟件(jian)來完成。這樣可降低加工程序(xu)(xu)的編程量，有(you)利(li)于小型數控銑(xian)床的加工效率。

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